中国科学院考博英语历年真题及详解

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2008年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解

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《中国科学院考博英语历年真题及详解》完整收录了2008～2020年的考博真题，并提供参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。

2008年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解

PART Ⅰ  VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)

Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

1 In a materialistic and ______ society, people’s interest seems to be focused solely on monetary pursuit.

A. adaptive

B. addictive

C. acquisitive

D. arrogant

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：在一个物欲和贪财的社会中，人们的目光似乎只盯在对金钱的追求上。acquisitive(尤指对物质财富、钱财等)渴望得到的，想获得的。adaptive适合的，能适应的。addictive上瘾的，醉心的。arrogant傲慢的，自大的。

2 Even if I won a million-dollar lottery, I would continue to live ______.

A. subtly

B. frugally

C. explicitly

D. cautiously

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：即使我赢得了一百万美元的彩票，我也会继续保持我的节俭生活。frugally节俭地，不豪华地。subtly巧妙地，精细地。explicitly明确地，显而易见地。cautiously慎重地，细心地。

3 Doctors must inform ______ parents about the low odds of success in fertility treatments.

A. protective

B. respective

C. prospective

D. perspective

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：医生必须告知期望做生育治疗的父母此种治疗的低成功率。prospective未来的，预期的。protective保护的，防护的。respective各自的，各个的。perspective透视的。

4 Moshe Katzma, 24, denied any ______ with the beating given to the homeless man, who was found outside a National Headquarters office.

A. involvement

B. admission

C. isolation

D. access

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：二十四岁的Moshe Katzma否认与在国家总部办公室外发现的那个无家可归的人的被殴打事件有任何瓜葛。involvement with参与，有瓜葛。admission许可，承认。isolation隔离，孤立。access通路，接近的机会。

5 There are an estimated eight million people currently thought to be eligible to ______ income tax.

A. reclaim

B. recover

C. restore

D. return

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：据估计，近期约有八百万人被认为有资格申报所得税。return申报，填报，如return the details of one’s income申报个人收入细目（报税）。reclaim取回，要求归还。restore恢复，归还，修复。

6 As the sky lightened even more, they began to ______ their surroundings more clearly.

A. fall out

B. fall into

C. make up

D. make out

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：当天更亮一点时，他们开始更清楚地查看周边的环境。make out看清楚，弄清。fall out争吵，跌落。fall into分成，落入，开始讨论。make up弥补，和解，化妆。

7 China’s ______ cultural heritage should be better protected through increased efforts to preserve endangered art.

A. inalienable

B. intangible

C. intelligible

D. indivisible

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：通过增加对濒危艺术的保护，中国的非物质文化遗产可以得到更好的保护。intangible无形的，难以理解的。intangible cultural heritage非物质文化遗产。inalienable(权利等)不可剥夺的，不可分割的。intelligible可理解的，纯概念性的。indivisible不可分割的，极微小的。

8 The matter is ______ settled; we may look upon it as being settled.

A. as long as

B. for good

C. for sure

D. as good as

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：这件事差不多解决了，我们可以就当它已经解决了。as good as和…几乎一样，事实上。as long as只要，长达…之久。for good永久地，一劳永逸地。for sure肯定地，确实如此。

9 An announcement of further cuts in government expenditure is ______.

A. imminent

B eminent

C. illiterate

D. emergent

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：最近将发布进一步削减政府开支的公告。imminent即将发生的，逼近的。eminent值得注意的，卓越的，高耸的。illiterate文盲的，无知的。emergent突如其来的，新兴的。

10 The ______ in our soaps should come only from essential oils, which are steamed or pressed from plants.

A. scents

B. scenarios

C. scenes

D. scales

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：我们用的香皂中的香味只能来自从植物中蒸馏或挤压出来的香精油。scent香味，气味。scenario剧情梗概，事态，设想。scene现场，场景。scale鳞片，水垢。

11 A ______ of this approach is that the variables are visually presented in a style that can be understood by generalists and specialists alike.

A. value

B. merit

C. factor

D. worth

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：这种方法的一个优点就是变量能以一种可视的方式展现出来，无论是多面手还是专家都可以理解。merit/value/worth都可用做名词，含“优点”“价值”的意思，具体区别如下：merit指“成就或品质中值得赞扬的优点”；value指“重要性”“价值”；worth着重指“人或物本质中的优点或价值”。

12 Desperation, hunger, thirst, and resentment all make it more likely that people will ______ a more powerful figure who promises them help and/or salvation.

A. be prone to

B. give in to

C. live up to

D. put an end to

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：绝望、饥渴与憎恨都使人们更加可能臣服于一个更加强壮的许诺帮助或拯救他们的人物。give in to屈服于，向…呈上。be prone to倾向于，易于。live up to实践，做到。put an end to结束，终止。

13 The sentence given to the criminal was much too ______; murder should carry the maximum penalty.

A. negligent

B. solitary

C. lenient

D. tedious

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：对这个罪犯的处罚太仁慈了；谋杀就应该被处以最高惩罚。lenient宽大的，仁慈的。negligent粗心的，随便的。solitary独居的，荒凉的。tedious沉闷的，单调乏味的。

14 Though it was less attractive, Ralph knew the metal box would be more ______ than the wooden box.

A. terminal

B. durable

C. persistent

D. bearable

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：尽管不好看，拉尔夫知道这个铁盒子会比木盒子耐用。durable不易损坏的，坚固的。terminal末端的，不治的。persistent固执的，反复出现的。bearable承受得住的，经得起的。

15 In China, although people in many regions earn much less than those in prosperous regions, they also pay much less for ______ commodities, such as housing.

A. disposable

B. redundant

C. equivalent

D. interchangeable

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：在中国，尽管在许多地区人们挣的钱比在繁华地区少很多，但同等商品的物价也会低很多，比如说房子。equivalent相同的，等价的。disposable一次性使用的，可任意的。redundant多余的，大量的。interchangeable可互换的，可交替的。

16 This leads record companies to treat musicians as contracted artists who are not paid a fixed sum for their labor-time, but instead receive royalties in ______ to their success.

A. addition

B. relation

C. percentage

D. proportion

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：这导致唱片公司将音乐家当签约艺术家对待，他们不是按工作时间的多少领取固定报酬而是按照他们的成就获取相应的提成。in proportion to与…成比例。in addition to除…以外，除…之外还。in relation to关于…，与…相比较。percentage百分率，利息。

17 Terrorists will go to any length to ______ their evil ends, and pay no attention to the basic living rights of other peace-loving people.

A. reach

B. gain

C. achieve

D. succeed

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：恐怖主义者将会不择手段地达到他们的邪恶目的，完全不会顾及其他和平爱好者的基本生存权利。gain one’s end和achieve one’s end都有“达到目的”的意思，但二者的侧重点有所不同。achieve侧重指“经过努力达到某种目的”；gain侧重指“经过努力或奋斗获得某种利益或通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西”。

18 Australia continued the fight to end Japan’s annual whale hunts, warning that its plan to kill humpback whales in Antarctica could ______ outrage.

A. spark

B. lead

C. result

D. involve

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：澳大利亚继续为阻止日本每年的捕鲸活动而奋斗，警告说日本捕杀南极洲座头鲸的计划会引起人们的愤怒。spark outrage引起愤怒，固定搭配。

19 At the moment every culture in Britain has a similar philosophy as far as size ______: if you want to look good and be desirable, you’ve got to be thin.

A. shows

B. states

C. says

D. goes

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：就体形而言，现在英国的各个文化群体有着相同的观点：如果你想看起来美丽性感，你就得瘦。as far as it goes就其本身而言，就目前的情况而论。

20 Women who entered voluntary work during the inter-war years did so largely because it provided them with ______ from household routine.

A. distortion

B. diversion

C. dissipate

D. discount

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：在两次世界大战之间的那些年中，参加志愿者工作的女性相当多，因为这可以让她们暂时放下繁琐的家务。diversion偏离、转向；消遣、娱乐。discount折扣；漠视，低估。distortion扭曲，扭歪。dissipate（动词）使消散，驱散，浪费。

PART Ⅱ  CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)

Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

There are so many new books about dying that there are now special shelves set aside for them in bookshops, along with the health-diet and home-repair paperbacks. Some of them are so (21)_____ with detailed information and step-by-step instructions for performing the function, that you’d think this was a new sort of (22)_____ which all of us are now required to learn. The strongest impression the casual reader gets is that proper dying has become an extraordinary, (23)_____ an exotic experience, something only the specially trained can do.

(24)_____, you could be led to believe that we are the only (25)_____ capable of being aware of death, and that when the rest of nature is experiencing the life cycle and dying, one generation after (26)_____, it is a different kind of process, done automatically and trivially, or more “natural”, as we say.

An elm in our backyard (27)_____ the blight(枯萎病) this summer and dropped stone dead, leafless, almost overnight. One weekend (28)_____ was a normal-looking elm, maybe a little bare in spots but (29)_____ alarming, and the next weekend it was gone, passed over, departed, taken. Taken is right, for the tree surgeon came by yesterday with his (30)_____ of young helpers and their cherry picker, and took it down branch by branch and carted it off in the back of a red truck, everyone (21)_____.

The dying (32)_____ a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat, is a spectacle I have beheld many times. It (33)_____ to make me wince. However, early in life I gave up throwing sticks (34)_____ the cat to make him drop the mouse, (35)_____ the dropped mouse regularly went ahead and died anyway.

21 A. contained

B. embraced

C. packed

D. littered

22 A. ability

B. skill

C. quality

D. technology

23 A. and

B. even

C. yet

D. but

24 A. Furthermore

B. However

C. Even so

D. Since then

25 A. races

B. creatures

C. people

D. human

26 A. the other

B. another

C. the next

D. the following

27 A. caught

B. held

C. took

D. picked

28 A. that

B. which

C. it

D. this

29 A. something

B. anything

C. nothing

D. everything

30 A. crew

B. members

C. corps

D. fellows

31 A. sings

B. sand

C. sung

D. singing

32 A. to

B. in

C. for

D. of

33 A. was

B. was used

C. used

D. was about

34 A. into

B. on

C. at

D. off

35 A. but

B. because

C. while

D. in order that

【答案与解析】

21C  be packed with充满了，塞满了。be littered with使…充满（垃圾，废弃物等）。

22B  learn a skill学一种技能，与上文提到的“书中满是执行这项功能的一步一步的指示”相对应。

23B  句意：那些随便看看书的人的最深刻的印象就是正确的死亡方法已经成为了一种特别的甚至是奇异的经历，只有那些受过特殊训练的人才能做到。even表递进。

24A  furthermore而且，此外；表示对上文内容的补充与延伸。however然而，可是；表转折。even so虽然如此，即使这样。since then从那时起。

25B  本句提到the rest of nature，即作者把“我们”跟自然界其他所有的生物相比较。因此creatures更符合语境。

26B  one after another一个接一个地，相继地。

27A  catch感染上（疾病），患（病）。

28C  it指代the elm（榆树），与接下来的it was gone, passed over...中的it相同。

29C  nothing alarming没什么令人担心的，与前面提到的normal-looking相对应。

30A  crew一起工作的人，一群做同一工作的人。member成员，会员。corps军团或经专门训练或有特种使命的队，组，团。fellow同伴，同事。如果用fellows，则可以省掉of young helpers。

31D  现在分词做伴随状语。

32D  a field mouse 为dying 的定语，根据下文可以得出句意为“一只田鼠的死”，中间的插入语表示它是如何死掉的。

33C  used to do过去常常做某事。be used to do被用来做某事。be to和be about to都表示“将要，刚要”。

34C  throw at向…扔去，掷去。throw into扔进，使…（突然）陷入。throw on匆忙穿上。throw off甩掉，去除，使迷惑。

35B  “被猫放走的老鼠通常走掉后还是会死”是我放弃了“向猫扔棍子迫使它把老鼠放掉”的原因。

PART Ⅲ  READING COMPREHENSION

Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)

Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Writing about music is like dancing about architecture, or so the saying goes. Sometimes attributed to Frank Zappa, other times to Elvis Costello, this quote is usually intended to convey the futility of such an endeavor, if not the complete silliness of even attempting it. But Glenn Kurtz’s graceful memoir, Practicing: A Musician’s Return to Music, turns the expression on its head, giving it a different meaning by creating a lovely, unique book.

Kurtz picked up the guitar as a kid in a music-loving family, attended the Long Island music school, and went on to play on Merv Griffin’s TV show before graduating from Tufts University. Motivating the young Kurtz was the dream of reinventing classical guitar, as if by his great ambition alone he could push it from the margins of popular interest to center stage—something not even accomplished by the late Spanish guitarist Andrés Segovia, perhaps the only artist of the form ever to reach anything resembling widespread celebrity.

This book reads like a love story of sorts: Boy meets guitar. Boy loves guitar. Guitar breaks boy’s heart or, more precisely, the ordinariness of a working musician’s life does so. “I’d just imagined the artist’s life naively, childishly, with too much longing, too much poetry and innocence and purity,” Kurtz writes. “The guitar had been the instrument of my dreams. Now the dream was over.”

Boy leaves guitar. Were the story to end here, this book would be a tragedy, but after nearly a decade the boy returns to guitar, and although he has lost the enthusiasm he had in his youth, he finds his love of the guitar again in a way he never could have appreciated before.

Although Kurtz is writing about a unique musical path, his journey speaks eloquently to the heart of anyone who has ever desperately yearned to achieve something and felt the sting of disappointment. “Everyone who gives up a serious childhood dream—of becoming an artist, a doctor, an engineer, an athlete—lives the rest of their life with a sense of loss, with nagging what ifs,” he writes “Is that time and effort, that talent and ambition, truly wasted?”

36 The quotation mentioned in Paragraph 1 implies that writing about music is ______.

A. an ambitious attempt

B. a modern form of art

C. an impossible task

D. a rewarding experience

37 As a young man Glenn Kurtz wanted to ______.

A. surpass Andrés Segovia’s achievement

B. transform classical guitar

C. become a TV music star

D. live on arts

38 What does the passage say about classical guitar?

A. It is not popular with the public.

B. It is not an easy skill to master.

C. It is a favorite of many young people.

D. It is a craze in some countries like Spain.

39 According to the passage, Andrés Segovia ______.

A. helped Glenn Kurtz to become a good guitarist

B. made classical guitar become a popular form

C. was a well-known classical guitarist

D. was Glenn Kurtz’s role model

40 Paragraph 3 suggests that what “the ordinariness of a working musician’s life” does to the boy is ______.

A. keep him in great excitement

B. bring him great disappointment

C. help him create great music

D. tell him a great musician’s duty

41 The book Practicing: A Musician’s Return to Music mainly tells that _______.

A. one will be made bitter by his frustration

B. reliving old dreams can be rewarding

C. without dreams life is incomplete

D. it’s inevitable for a musician to experience setbacks

【答案与解析】

36C  本段第二句的用词：futility（无益，徒劳无功）和silliness（愚蠢，糊涂）与选项C的描述最贴近。

37B  第二段提到young Kurtz的梦想是reinventing classical guitar。reinvent彻底改造，重新使用。transform改革，使改变（性质、机能等）。

38A  第二段提到Kurtz年轻时的梦想就是改造古典吉他，to push it from the margins of popular interest to center stage“把它从大众兴趣的边缘推到中央舞台上”。由此可知传统吉他并不受大众欢迎。

39C  第二段最后一句话提到Andrés Segovia是唯一一位获得相当知名度的吉他演奏家。其他三个选项文中并未提及。

40B  本段提到吉他伤碎了男孩的心，或者更准确地说是一个工作中的音乐家平凡的生活伤碎了他的心。可见音乐家平凡的生活很令男孩失望。

41C  最后一段提到这本书告诉人们说放弃了儿时梦想的人终生都会有一种失落感，后悔自己没有做到…，即此书暗示了没有梦想的人生是不完整的。

Passage Two

As with any work of art, the merit of Chapman Kelley’s “Wildflower Works I” was in the eye of the beholder.

Kelley, who normally works with paint and canvas, considered the twin oval gardens planted in 1984 at Daley Bicentennial Park his most important piece.

The Chicago Park District considered it a patch of raggedy vegetation on public property that could be dug up and replanted at will like the flower boxes along Michigan Avenue. And that’s what happened in June 2004, when the district decided to create a more orderly vista for pedestrians crossing from Millennium Park via the new Frank Gehry footbridge.

If you’re looking for evidence that the rubes who run the Park District don’t know art when they see it, all you have to do is visit what’s left of Kelley’s masterpiece. The exuberant 1.5-acre tangle of leggy wildflowers is now confined to a tidy rectangle, restrained on all sides by a knee-high hedge and surrounded by a closely cropped lawn. White hydrangeas and pink shrub roses complete the look. We don’t know who’s responsible for the redesign, but we’ll bet the carpet in his home doesn’t go with the furniture.

Still, you’d think the Park District was within its rights to plow under prairie. Wrong. Kelley just won a lawsuit in which he argued that the garden was public art and therefore protected by the federal Visual Artists Rights Act. Under that law, the district should have given him 90 days’ notice that it intended to mess with his artwork instead of rushing headlong into the demolition, a la Meigs Field. That way Kelley could have mounted a legal challenge, or at least removed the plants.

Park District officials said they never considered the garden a work of art, even though it was installed by an established artist and not, say, Joe’s Sod and Landscaping. We can understand their confusion. Just recently, we figured out that the caged greenery directly south of Pritzker Pavilion is supposed to be an architectural statement and not a Christmas tree lot.

All that’s left is for the district to compensate Kelley for his loss. Whatever price the parties settle on, let’s hope the agreement also provides for the removal of the rest of “Wildflower Works I.” If it wasn’t an eyesore before—and plenty of people thought it was…it sure is now.

42 It is implied in the first Paragraph that the public ______.

A. paid little attention to “Wildflower Works I”

B. appreciated the value of “Wildflower Works I”

C. tolerated the ugliness of “Wildflower Works I”

D. had their own views on “Wildflower Works I”

43 The boldfaced word “rubes” in Paragraph 4 most likely means ______.

A. experts

B. laymen

C. fools

D. artists

44 According to the passage, the one who redesigned the Park must ______.

A. know Kelly’s work well

B. have a terrible taste in art

C. like conventional layouts

D. always put the public’s need first

45 Which of the following was NOT true about “Wildflower Works I”?

A. It was designed by the famous artist Chapman Kelley.

B. There are two oval gardens at Daley Bicentennial Park.

C. The public voted for demolishing the gardens.

D. The Chicago Park District did not deem it a piece of art.

46 Why did Kelly win the lawsuit?

A. Kelly had a very capable lawyer.

B. The Park District had no right to demolish it.

C. The Park District should take the public’s opinion first.

D. The Park District should have informed Kelly of the demolition.

47 What’s the author’s attitude towards the present “Wildflower works I”?

A. He takes a neutral position

B. He believes in the long arm of the law

C. He regards it a masterpiece of public art

D. He is in favor of demolishing the ugly garden.

【答案与解析】

42D  第一段提到公众对“Wildflower Works I”的态度是“in the eye of the beholder”（情人眼里出西施），也就是说他们喜欢的就觉得好，不喜欢的就觉得不好，各有各的看法。

43C  本段提到the rubs不懂艺术。rube村夫，乡下人。laymen外行，凡人。fool傻子，愚人。有句俗话The fool wander, the wise man travel.是说愚人只知道瞎逛，智者才知道欣赏。可见这里的乡下人是指不懂得欣赏的愚人。

44B  第四段在描述完重新设计的the Park后，作者说他敢打赌，重新设计者家的地毯肯定与家具不协调，也就是说设计者极其没有艺术品味。

45C  选项A、B、D可分别在第一、二、三段找到相应的描述。文章提到the gardens是公众财产，公众也不喜欢它，但没提到公众投票将其拆毁。

46D  第五段提到花园受到the federal Visual Artists Rights Act的保护，the district应该在采取行动前90天通知Kelly。

47D  最后一段作者提到他希望清除Wildflower Works I的剩余部分，并说它是an eyesore（一个刺眼的东西）。由此可见作者支持拆毁这个花园。

Passage Three

A few years ago, in their search for ways to sell more goods, advertising men hit on a new and controversial gimmick. It is a silent, invisible commercial that, the ad men claim, can be rushed past the consumer’s conscious mind and planted in his subconscious—and without the consumer’s knowledge.

Developed by James Vicary, a research man who studies what makes people buy, this technique relies on the psychological principle of subliminal perception. Scientists tell us that many of the sights coming to our eyes are not consciously “seen.” We select only a few for conscious “seeing” and ignore the rest. Actually the discarded impressions are recorded in the brain though they are below the threshold of consciousness.

There’s little doubt in Vicary’s mind as to the subliminal ad’s effectiveness. His proof can be summed up in just two words: sales increase.

In an unidentified movie house not so long ago, unknown audiences saw a curious film program. At the same time, on the same screen on which the film hero was courting the heroine a subliminal projector was flashing its invisible commercials.

“Get popcorn,” ordered the commercial for a reported one three-thousandths of a second every five seconds. It announced “Coca-Cola” at the same speed and frequency to other audiences. At the end of a six weeks trial, popcorn sales had gone up 57 percent, Coke sales 18 percent.

Experimental Films Inc. says the technique is not new. It began research on subliminal perception in 1954. Experimental Films stresses that its equipment was designed for helping problematic students and treating the mentally ill. At NYU two doctors showed twenty women the projected image of an expressionless face. They told the subjects to watch the face for some change of expression. Then they flashed the word angry on the screen at subliminal speeds. Now the women thought the face looked unpleasant. When the word happy was flashed on the screen instead, the subjects thought the woman’s facial expression looked much more pleasant.

Subliminal techniques, its promoters believe, are good for more than selling popcorn. Perhaps the process can even be used to sell political candidates, by leaving a favorable impression of the candidate in the minds of the electorates subliminally.

How convincing are these invisible commercials? Skeptical psychologists answer that they aren’t anywhere near as effective as the ad men would like to think they are. Nothing has been proven yet scientifically, says a prominent research man.

48 Subliminal perception is when one ______.

A. has an attempt to buy with a good reason

B. recalls some past events and activities

C. enjoys seeing some images in his mind

D. gets a mental picture without consciousness

49 To advertising sponsors, the true test of subliminal projection is whether it ______.

A. proves worth the money spent

B. can create a mental impression

C. helps sell more of their products

D. can arouse anger in the audience

50 Subliminal ads are invisible because they are shown very ______.

A. fast

B. naturally

C. often

D. vaguely

51 Subliminal techniques have NOT been used for ______.

A. promoting sales

B. making commercials

C. curing mental illness

D. selling political candidates

52 Some psychologists seem to believe that subliminal projection ______.

A. needs a cautious application

B. has no effect on sales

C. benefits the customers

D. causes a mental confusion

53 What is the author’s position on subliminal projection in ads?

A. He reveals none in the passage.

B. He advocates its prohibition.

C. He considers it an exaggeration.

D. He acclaims its effectiveness.

【答案与解析】

48D  第二段后三句话是科学家对subliminal perception的解释。subliminal perception阈下知觉。

49C  第七段提到试验的发起者相信subliminal projection不仅有利于卖爆米花，还可以用来推销政治候选人。对广告赞助商来说他们的目的就是销售自己的“商品”。

50A  “Get popcorn,” ordered the commercial for a reported one three-thousandths of a second every five seconds.每五秒就有三千分之一秒的广告。题目问的是为什么阈下广告是隐形的，那是因为这种广告播放速度非常快，不醒目，但是能使人潜意识感觉到，故对消费者能产生影响。vaguely模糊不清的。

51D  倒数第二段提到promoters认为Perhaps the process can even be used to sell political candidates，由此可见用此方法推销政治候选人还只是一种预想，还并未实现。

52A  最后一段中提到怀有疑虑的心理学家认为...they aren’t anywhere near as effective as the ad men would like to think they are. subliminal projection根本没有广告者期望的那么有效。所有的一切都还没经科学证实。因为还未证实，所以不能断言其对销售无影响，故选项B、C、D不正确。

53A  作者一直在陈述事实或是别人的观点看法，自己并未发表意见。

Passage Four

Walking through my train yesterday, staggering from my seat to the buffet and back, I counted five people reading Harry Potter novels. Not children—these were real grown-ups reading children’s books.

Maybe that would have been understandable. If these people had jumped whole-heartedly into a second childhood, it would have made more sense. But they were card-carrying grown-ups with laptops and spreadsheets returning from sales meetings and seminars. Yet they chose to read a children’s book.

I don’t imagine you’ll find this headcount exceptional. You can no longer get on the London Tube and not see a Harry Potter book. Nor is it just the film; these throwback readers were out there in droves long before the movie campaign opened.

So who are these adult readers who have made JK Rowling the second-biggest female earner in Britain (after Madonna)? As I have tramped along streets knee-deep in Harry Potter paperbacks, I’ve mentally slotted them into three groups.

First come the Never-Readers, whom Harry has enticed into opening a book. Is this a bad thing? Probably not. Writing has many advantages over film, but it can never compete with its magnetic punch. If these books can re-establish the novel as a thrilling experience for some people, then this can only be for the better. If it takes obsession-level hype to lure them into a bookshop, that’s fine by me. But will they go on to read anything else? Again, we can only hope.

The second group are the Occasional Readers. These people claim that tiredness, work and children allow them to read only a few books a year. Yet now—to be part of the crowd, to say they’ve read it—they put Harry Potter on their oh-so-select reading list. It’s infuriating, and maddening. Yes, I’m a writer myself, currently writing difficult, unreadable, hopefully unsettling novels, but there are so many other good books out there, so much rewarding, enlightening, enlarging works of fiction for adults; and yet these sad cases are swept along by the hype, the faddism, into reading a children’s book.

The third group are the Regular Readers, for whom Harry is sandwiched between McEwan (英国当代作家) and Balzac, Roth (德国现代诗人) and Dickens. This is the real baffler—what on earth do they get out of reading it? Why bother? But if they can rattle through it in a week just to say they’ve been there—like going to Longleat (朗利特山庄英国名胜) or the Eiffel Tower—the worst they’re doing is encouraging others.

54 What’s the passage mainly about?

A. The worldwide popularity of Harry Potter.

B. Adults benefiting from reading Harry Potter.

C. The origin of Harry Potter as a children’s book.

D. Reflections on Harry Potter’s popularity among adults.

55 The author believes that many adults read Harry Potter ______.

A. to follow suit

B. to kill time

C. to enjoy a second childhood

D. to share Harry’s adventures

56 According to the author, the Never-Readers ______

A. will take up reading as their lifelong hobby

B. have got more from the book than from the film

C. may barely get interested in other books than Harry Potter

D. can hardly be driven by the crowds to read any book

57 The Occasional Readers are referred to as sad cases because ______.

A. they’re too busy to enjoy regular reading

B. they’re suffering from the heavy workload

C. they have a hard time selecting what to read

D. their reading taste is affected by fashion

58 What’s the bad effect of the way the Regular Readers read Harry Potter?

A. It will promote too many visits to the book mentions.

B. It will discourage people from reading real masterpieces.

C. It will foster reading as part of a fast-food culture.

D. It will cause a confusion of faddism with classics.

59 The main culprit for this madness about Harry Potter is most probably ______

A. JK Rowling

B. the publisher

C. the media hype

D. its thrilling stories

【答案与解析】

54D  作者首先点明有很多成年人在读《哈里•波特》，然后将这些成年读者分为三类并简要分析了他们选择看这本书的原因。

55A  第六段作者提到那些偶尔读书的人读书是为了to be part of the crowd，最后一句提到他们在炒作和潮流中随波逐流。这与选项A的陈述相符合。follow suit跟着做，学样。第二段作者提到If these people had jumped whole-heartedly into a second childhood...可见选项C是猜测。第五段提到If these books can re-establish the novel as a thrilling experience for some people...可见选项D也是猜测。选项B在文中并未提及。

56C  第五段作者自问自答对从不读书的人读《哈里•波特》作了分析。最后作者问道：But will they go on to read anything else? 答案为we can only hope. 选项C陈述与之相符，同时排除选项A。本段将书与电影的优劣势做了对比，但没对比读者能从中得到多少。选项D中的be driven by the crowds在文中没有体现。

57D  第六段提到那些偶尔读书的人读书是为了to be part of the crowd，本段最后一句提到他们在炒作和潮流中随波逐流。hype炒作。faddism赶时髦。

58A  最后一段最后一句提到他们造成的最坏影响就是怂恿了其他人（去读《哈里·波特》）。

59C  这是一道推断题。第五段提到obsession-level hype，第六段提到... these sad cases are swept along by the hype, the faddism, into reading a children’s book，由此可以推断C项为正确答案。culprit罪魁祸首。

Passage Five

The landscape of the Giant’s Causeway, lurking below the gaunt sea wall where the land ends, must have struck wonder into the hearts of the ancient Irish, who subsequently felt inspired and created legends about its builder: the giant Finn McCool. The Causeway Coast has an unparalleled display of geological formations representing volcanic activity during the Early Tertiary Period some 50-60 million years age. Its Tertiary lavas of the Antrim Plateau, covering some 3,800 sq. km, represent the largest remaining lava plateau in Europe.

The Causeway is a mass of basalt columns packed tightly together. The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Altogether there are 40,000 of these stone columns, mostly hexagonal, but some are quadrangular, pentagonal, heptagonal and octagonal. The tallest are about 40 feet high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 90 feet thick in places.

A fine circular walk will take you down to the Giant’s Causeway, past amphitheatres of stone columns and formations with fanciful names like the Honeycomb, the Wishing Well, and the Giant’s Granny, past a wooden staircase to Benbane Head, and back along the cliff-top. Further down the coast, the stunning Carrick-a-rede rope bridge spans a gaping chasm between the coast and a small island used by fishermen. The eighty-foot drop can be crossed via the swinging bridge—and is not for the faint-hearted!

The Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast site was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. The site is of outstanding universal value and meets the criteria set in the World Heritage Convention. Namely, it is an outstanding example representing major stages of the earth’s history including the record of life significant on-going geological processes in landform developments, and significant geomorphic and physiographic features; moreover, it also contains superlative natural phenomena and areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance.

Moyle District Council’s Causeway Visitor Centre is open daily all year round and located on the cliff top 1 km from the site. The Centre is the ideal starting point for walks along the coastal and cliff-top paths, providing an excellent range of visitor services. A 12-minute audio-visual presentation, with commentary available in 5 European languages, enables visitors to further explore the origins of the Giant’s Causeway through local folklore and scientific theory, and highlights the many other attractions of the Causeway Coast and Glens of Antrim area.

60 The Giant’s Causeway was created by ______.

A. the ancient Irish people

B. the giant Finn McCool

C. the volcanic activities

D. the drift of lava plateau

61 The basalt columns may have ______sides.

A. 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7

B. 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9

C. 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8

D. 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10

62 The last sentence in Paragraph 3 implies that the trip on the swinging bridge is quite ______.

A. inviting

B. intimidating

C. eye-opening

D. heart-breaking

63 Which of the Giant’s Causeway’s features best fits with the criteria set in the World Heritage Convention?

A. Its unparalleled display of geological formations

B. Its amphitheatres with fancily named stone columns.

C. Its largest remaining lava plateau in Europe.

D. Its swinging rope bridge between the coast and a little isle.

64 From the last paragraph, we can infer that this piece of writing is most probably ______.

A. a developmental design

B. a text on geography

C. a record of local folklore

D. a tourism advertisement

65 Which of the following is NOT true of the Giant’s Causeway?

A. It provides visitors grand and breath-taking views.

B. It is a source of literary inspiration for the ancient Irish.

C. It serves as an excellent piece of material for scientific research.

D. It dwarfs many other World Heritage Sites in Europe.

【答案与解析】

60C  第一段提到Giant’s Causeway（爱尔兰的巨石台阶）传说（legends）中的builder是the giant Finn McCool，但这只是传说而不是科学或事实。接下来提到Causeway Coast的地质构造代表了五六千万年前老第三纪渐新世的火山运动。Tertiary lavas代表了欧洲残存的最大的熔岩高原，但文中没有提到Giant’s Causeway是熔岩高原漂移造成的。drift漂移。

61C  第二段提到basalt columns的特点是mostly hexagonal, but some are quadrangular, pentagonal, heptagonal and octagonal。hexagonal六边形的。quadrangular四边形的。pentagonal五边形的。heptagonal七边形的。octagonal八边形的。

62B  本句提到the trip is not for the faint-hearted。faint-hearted胆怯的，胆小的。胆小的人看不得the trip，也就是说the trip很吓人。intimidating吓人的，给人以威胁的。

63A  第四段提到Giant’s Causeway符合世界人类遗产公约的标准主要是因为它代表了地球的主要历史时期，包括...geological processes in landform developments, and significant geomorphic and physiographic features...natural phenomena....，所以选项A正确。geological formations地质层组，地质组成。

64D  最后一段提到Moyle District Council’s Causeway Visitor Centre终年开放，它提供an excellent range of visitor services... enables visitors to...，可见这篇文章极有可能是一段旅游广告。

65B  文章第三段以及第四段最后一句的exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance描写了Giant’s Causeway的美景，选项A正确。第一段提到古爱尔兰人felt inspired and created legends，选项B正确。第一、二、四段对其地质特点及它在地理地质方面的重要性的描述表明了其对科学研究的重要性，选项C正确。本文并没有将Giant’s Causeway与欧洲其他的世界遗产地作对比，选项D描述错误。

Section B (20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. Sentences A to F are listed below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Honesty no longer seems to be the best policy with telling of lies becoming a common part of our daily lives. A new research by a psychologist at the University of Massachusetts has revealed that most people lie in everyday conversation when they are trying to appear likable and competent.

(66)_____ “People tell a considerable number of lies in everyday conversation. It was a very surprising result. We didn’t expect lying to be such a part of daily conversation”, said Robert S Feldman.

The study also found that lies told by men and women differ in content, though not in quantity. (67)_____ “Women were more likely to lie to make the person they were talking to feel good, while men lied most often to make themselves look better,” Feldman noted.

As part of the study, a group of 121 pairs of undergraduate students were recruited to participate. (68)_____ Participants were unaware that the session was being videotaped. At the end of the session, the students were then asked to watch the video of themselves and identify any inaccuracies in what they had said during the conversation. They were encouraged to identify all lies, no matter how big or small.

Feldman said the students who participated in the study were surprised at their own results. “When they were watching themselves on videotape, people fund themselves lying much more than they thought they had,” Feldman said. The lies the students told varied considerably. (69)_____ Others were more extreme, such as falsely claiming to be the star of a rock band.

“It’s so easy to lie,” Feldman said. “We teach our children to be honest, but we also tell them it’s polite to pretend they like a birthday gift they’ve been given. (70)_____”

A. The results showed that men do not lie more than women or vice versa, but they lie in different ways.

B. Kids get a very mixed message regarding the practical aspects of lying, and it has an impact on how they behave as adults.

C. Some were relatively minor, such as agreeing with the person that they liked someone when they did not.

D. They were told that the purpose of the study was to examine how people interact when they meet someone new.

E. Anyway, the knowledge that we are all capable of lying makes it really hard to trust people when they tell you things.

F. The study, published in the Journal of Basic and Applied social Psychology, found that 60 percent of people lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation and told an average of two to three lies.

【答案与解析】

66F  F中的the study是本段的It was a very surprising result中“result”的来源，同时，F中的“在十分钟的谈话中有60%的人至少说谎一次，他们平均说谎两到三次”与“surprising”相对应。

67A  A项前半句说结果表明男性不比女性说谎多，反之亦然，这与前一句“男性和女性撒谎的内容不同，但数量相似”相对应。A项后半句说男性与女性撒谎的方式不同，这与后一句“女性说谎是为让对方感到舒服而男性说谎是为让自己显得更好”相衔接。

68D  D中的they指代参加试验的121对大学生。参加实验的被观察者不被告知试验的真实目的，即测谎，他们才会有后文提到的真实表现。

69C  C中陈述的小谎与后一句陈述的大谎共同例证上一句提到的The lies the students told varied considerably。

70B  本段提到的“我们教导孩子要诚实，但同时我们又教他们收到生日礼物时要装出很喜欢的样子才有礼貌”，这就是B中提到的“very mixed message”。

Passage two

Customer experience is that internal and subjective response customers have to any direct or indirect contact with a company. (71)_____ Indirect contact most often involves unplanned encounters with representations of a company’s products, services, or brands and takes the form of word-of-mouth recommendations or criticisms, advertising, news reports, reviews, and so forth. Such an encounter could occur when Google’s whimsical holiday logos pop up on the site’s home page at the inception of a search, or it could be the distinctive “potato, potato” sound of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle’s exhaust system. (72)_____ The secret to a good experience isn’t the multiplicity of features on offer. Microsoft Windows, which is rich in features, may provide what a corporate IT director considers a positive experience. (73)_____ A customer’s experience with an Apple device such as the iPod begins well before the purchaser turns it on perhaps because of the dancing silhouettes in the TV advertisements. Furthermore, the origami-like (and recyclable) packaging enfolds the iPod as though it were a Fabergé egg made for a czar. A small sticker, “Designed in California, Made in China,” communicates the message that Apple is firmly in charge but also interested in keeping costs down. Even Windows users appreciate the device’s intuitive, Mac-like feel and find that downloading tracks from iTunes is easier than buying a CD on Amazon. (74)_____

A successful brand shapes customers’ experiences by embedding the fundamental value proposition in all the product’s features. For BMW, “the Ultimate Driving Machine” is much more than a slogan; it informs the company’s manufacturing and design choices. (75)_____ BMW would not consider developing such a feature unless it amplified rather than diminished the driving experience.

A. Every Apple product is designed with the overarching purpose of making the time one spends with Apple an enjoyable experience.

B. It might just be an e-mail from one customer to another.

C. Direct contact generally occurs in the course of purchase, use, and service and is usually initiated by the customer.

D. People’s expectations are set high in part by their previous experiences with a company’s offerings.

E. In 2000, Mercedes-Benz introduced a system that automatically controls the distance between a Mercedes and the car in front.

F. However, many home users prefer Apple’s Macintosh operating system, which offers fewer features and configuration options.

【答案与解析】

71C  前一句提到direct or indirect contact，后一句描述的是Indirect contact...，中间缺失的正是关于direct contact的内容，C项正符合。

72B  本段第三句提到Indirect contact most often involves unplanned encounters，间接接触常常包含的是计划之外的接触，接下来列举了Such an encounter could occur...，or it could be...，B项It might just be...与前面内容衔接并一致。

73F  前一句话是对Microsoft Windows的描述，而后一句接着就是对Apple的阐述，中间缺少过渡。F中however表转折，同时引出Apple的特点，与下文衔接恰当。

74A  A项是对本段内容的总结，即Apple product的优点与顾客喜欢Apple的原因。

75E  E项是BMW公司manufacturing and design choices的一个具体例证，后一句的“such a feature”指的是E项中的“introduced a system that...”。

PAPER TWO

PART V  TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

One of the most difficult situations that a researcher can encounter is to see or suspect that a colleague has violated the ethical standards of the research community. It is easy to find excuses to do nothing, but someone who has witnessed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act. At the most immediate level, misconduct can seriously obstruct or damage one’s own research or the research of colleagues. 1) More broadly, even a single case of misconduct can malign scientists and their institutions, which in turn can result in the imposition of counterproductive regulations, and shake public confidence in the integrity of science.

To be sure, raising a concern about unethical conduct is rarely an easy thing to do. In some cases, anonymity is possible—but not always. Reprisals by the accused persona and by skeptical colleagues have occurred in the past and have had serious consequences. 2) Any allegation of misconduct is a very important charge that needs to be taken seriously. If mishandled, an allegation can gravely damage the person charged, the one who makes the charge, the institutions involved, and science in general.

Someone who is confronting a problem involving research ethics usually has more options than are immediately apparent. In most cases the best thing to do is to discuss the situation with a trusted friend or advisor. 3) In universities, faculty advisors, department chairs, and other senior faculty can be invaluable sources of advice in deciding whether to go forward in a complaint.

An important consideration is deciding when to put a complaint in writing. Once in writing, universities are obligated to deal with a complaint in a more formal manner than if it is made verbally. 4) Putting a complaint in writing can have serious consequences for the career of a scientist and should be undertaken only after thorough consideration.

The National Science Foundation and Public Health Service require all research institutions that receive public funds to have procedures in place to deal with allegations of unethical practice. 5) These procedures take into account fairness for the accused, protection for the accuser, coordination with funding agencies, and requirements for confidentiality and disclosure.

In addition, many universities and other research institutions have designated an ombudsman, ethics officer, or other official who is available to discuss situations involving research ethics. Such discussions are carried out in the strictest confidence whenever possible. Some institutions provide multiple entry points, so that complainants can go to a person with whom they feel comfortable.

【参考译文】

1 更广义地来说，一个小小的不道德行为就能中伤科学家们和研究机构，以至于一些适得其反的规章条例被硬性施加，并且动摇公众对科学严谨度的信心。

2 任何对非道德实验的指证都必须严肃处理。如果处理不当，这个指证就会严重打击被告人，指控人，有关科研机构，还有科学本身。

3 在大学里，科系指导员，部门主席和其他高级教授都在决定坚持投诉追究与否时起到非常重要的作用。

4 一旦把投诉写在纸上，就会对科研人员的职业生涯有很严重的后果，所以必须得在慎重考虑之后再作决定。

5 这些程序都会重视以下几点：对被告人的公正，对原告的保护，资助集团之间的协调和有关保密或者揭露的要求。

PART Ⅵ  WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)

Directions: write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

TOPIC

When do you think is the best time for a college candidate to decide on his major: before going to college or while enrolled in college? Provide your reasons and supporting details.

【参考范文】

Better to Decide on Major While Enrolled in College

After the college entrance examination, choosing majors becomes the top issue for all the high school graduates and their parents. However, in my mind, it’s much better to decide one’s major while enrolled in college. My reasons are as following.

To begin with, while in college, the students have more access to the majors available in the university. They can go to the department of the major they are interested in to ask for detailed information or visit some schoolmates to ask for advice.

Furthermore, they can go to the classroom to experience in person whether they really like the subject or not.

Next, while in college we are more likely to make the right decision. As we all know, in the exam-oriented high school, all our attention is paid to study in order to pass the exam, hardly having any time or energy to ponder what we want to learn as a major or what we want to choose as a career. However, in college, we have more free time and we are more mature in mind, enabling us to excavate our deep mind to see what we really want.

Based on the above reasons, I appeal to the government and society to reconsider the college entrance examination system and give the young a better condition of choosing their life-long study object.